Avtar Singh Kohli
Software Engineer
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Centre for Real Time Information Networks at

University of Technology, Sydney :CRIN @UTS

Capstone Project

 

Title:Prototyping a distributed soil moisture monitoring and irrigation control system
 

Download Progress Report

 

Overview  Objectives  Scope  Milestones  Work break down structure  Development Life-cycle

Research Areas  Raw Conceptual Architecture  Risk Management  Tools  Glitches/Problem

Encountered  Application Images  Links  References

 


 
Prototyping of a distributed soil moisture monitoring and irrigation control system: an interesting project which includes applications of wireless and embedded technologies. Engineering a prototype system would contribute to the extensive research which is currently in progress at Centre for Real-time Information Networks in UTS.
 

 

The main objective is to design a prototype which includes following intermediate goals to be achieved:

1. Setting up a base station of RCM 3720 prototyping module i.e. part of ZigBee? Application Kit and program in Dynamic C to communicate with the nodes [RF modules].

2. Establishing communication between nodes & Setting up a mesh topology

3. Designing a soil moisture probe or selecting an off the shelf one which is compatible with the nodes [RF modules].

4. Researching signal attenuation when the RF module is embedded in wet soil and other real environmental conditions.

5. Programming the interface to control/monitor the system in response to moisture levels seen by each node

6. Research on existing implementations and design a data recording system [files/database] to utilize/present the information supplied by the nodes.

 

Scope in:

• Research based Learning with emphasis on improving problem solving skills, documentation skills, collection of data, analysis of information, Design of system architecture and project management skills.

• The documentation providing evidence of research, testing, observations, analysis and design during different phases of the project as described in section [E. Methods] of this report.

• Study and design of a functional prototype system with support for a limited number of RF nodes in mesh topology.

Scope out:

• The extended research related to process of commercial implementation/ application of this sensory network to the market or any party outside University of Technology Sydney. • Manufacturing Design of the prototype or parts.

 
 
 

Milestone ID

Milestone

Task

Estimated Time / Completion Date

M001

Investigation and research

Research based on published material to gain in-depth understanding of the XBEE devices and Dynamic C.

1 – 2 Weeks /15th August 2008

M002

Submit Final Proposal with Blue form and Appendix B

Carry out a detailed analysis of the information obtained from various sources and accommodate any changes to the initial proposal. Re-negotiate Deliverables and Proposal plan submission [Background process]

2 weeks /22nd August2008

M003

Submit a status report to supervisor

Running sample programs and attempt to communicate ASCII character from RF modules to the base station and PC.

2 Weeks /29th August 2008

M004

Document Findings ; Present and discuss with supervisor

Carry out research focusing on moisture sensor and compatibility with the RF modules. This would include refereeing to online journal databases, books, forums etc

3-4 Weeks / 3rd October 2008

M005

One page analysis on Rationale for choosing a sensor model

Decide on the right sensors and document finding about compatibility issues, power requirements, environmental constraints, efficiency and reliability issues in detail.

1 Week /10th October 2008

M006

Submit C routine and demonstrate a working data logging structure.

Write C routines to automate data acquisition, Conduct tests and design architecture for data collection in the system

3 weeks /31st October 2008

M007

Demonstrate prototype to supervisor

Compose a progress report and demonstrate basic functionality achieved on devices.

3 Weeks/21st November 2008

M008

Submit abstract for potential D/HD grade

Submit a 250-300 word abstract is written in order to obtain a D/HD grade for Capstone Project

22nd may 2009

M009

Submit final thesis report with gold assessment form and Appendix B

Compose the final capstone report thesis.

12 weeks / 19th June 2009

M010

Capstone project poster presentation

Complete the final presentation based on the capstone report; Demonstrate a fully functional prototype model meeting specifications and Poster.

2 weeks / 26th June 2009

Milestones M001-M007 have been accomplished with exception of M003 a brief demonstration of code,Data logging and data storage.
 
 

Work break down structure

1. Induction
1.1. Getting Familiar with xbee devices and RCM prototyping board
1.2. Acquisition of right tools - Reference books, manuals, software, lab access, etc.
1.3. Documenting initial understanding of problem space

2. Research
2.1. Preliminary research for understanding complexity of the problem.
2.2. On-going researches to acquire relevant material and knowledge
2.3. Researching to answer questions listed in Section Research Areas of this page
2.4. Conducting Experiments to relate theory to practice and verification of Results.

3. Experimentation
3.1. Conducting experiments with xbee modules under different encapsulations [near field + far field effects]
3.2. Conducting experiments using spectrum Analyzer to gather data based on signal strength in various physical conditions
3.3. Conducting Experiments on Battery Cell to create appropriate estimates on battery life in different condition
3.4. Simulating heavy Data logging for exposing software defects [Run-time Exceptions/Errors]

4. Design

4.1. Software Design
4.1.1. Drawing an initial conceptual Architecture of the System
4.1.2. Defining responsibilities of the components and constraints associated
4.1.3. Identification and Acquisition of Software Development tools and manuals
4.1.4. Testing Code for efficiency, correctness and run time performance.

4.2. Hardware Design
4.2.1. Understanding the high level schematics of xbee boards and i/o associated with its pins
4.2.2. Understanding power needs of a xbee boards in different sleep configuration
4.2.3. Seeking a compatible moisture sensor with xbee
4.2.4. Designing water tight encapsulation for the module, power supply and connections
4.2.5. Conducting tests on designed model for signal strength, water insulation, accuracy of data and power utilization in worst case scenario.

5. Programming
5.1. Programming xbee modules to behave as end nodes, routers or coordinator
5.2. Coding a data logging application to interpret data packet into readable format
5.3. Coding to link data logging to a active database to store acquired data.
5.4. Make the whole application accessible remotely i.e. porting it to a web-server[optional]

6. Documentation
6.1. Maintaining a log book, tracking approach and actions to tasks.
6.2. Documenting Engineering Faculty forms i.e. blue form, gold form etc.
6.3. Preparing a proposal plan for supervisor review
6.4. Preparing a formal project plan and clearly listing Research Areas/Questions
6.5. Preparing a intermediate progress and analysis reports
6.6. Designing poster
6.7. Preparing Slides for final Presentation

 

Development Life-cycle

The different stages of the project follows a systematic approach using Strategies and resources specified in section F of the report to assure a deadlines being met. A brief overview of the phases is as follows:

Inception phase [understanding the objectives/device applications/constraints]: Reading the User Manual Accompanied by the Rabbit Zigbee Applications Kit and the Dynamic C software manual which is fundamental to programming the Prototyping board. The inception phase shall continue for 5 weeks [28/08/2008 – 29/08/2008]

  1. After getting familiar with the characteristic capabilities of the RCM3720 module and the nodes by running sample programs. Duration: 2 weeks

  2. A simple mesh network would be aimed for to be established which would communicate small bit of information like ASCII characters being displayed on the screen. Duration: 2 weeks

  3. Research on selecting a suitable soil moisture sensor which is compatible with the RF module’s IO pins and meets the power requirements. Duration: 2 weeks.

  4. Re-negotiate specification and requirements of the system based on progress made on the conceptualization of design.

Elaboration phase [Acquisition of right resources]: On successful completion of the familiarization process and comprehensive detailing of the various sub-phases. The final plan finalized on Friday August 22, 2008 shall include all the details about inclusions of research conducted on suitable sensors and implementation details of the communication between RF modules.

This phase shall require 3 weeks [22/8/2008 - 12/9/2008] of effort to select the right sensors and document finding about compatibility issues, power requirements, environmental constraints, efficiency and reliability issues in detail.

A detailed and finalized report including 250-300 words abstract shall be submitted to the Supervisor for consideration of a D/ HD mark due on 24/10/2008.

Researching and Designing phase: This phase shall look more closely into constraints and issues associated with using the available sensors/ designed prototype which matches our specification for communication in a mesh topology. Decisions on the system architecture [data logging-files, IO and connection devices (adapters)] and then target is to get the probes to trigger IO and saves entries at specific delays in time. The research would include a detailed study of Communication problems under the real environment which relates to embedding the RF module with sensor underground. The tests would involve study of signal strength based on depth under the ground level and moisture in soil which could possibly cause attenuation or loss of data. This Experimentation results shall indicate ideal operational environment characteristics.

This phase shall continue for 6-10 weeks [12/9/2008 – 21/11/2008] which would conclude with a demonstration and submission of Progress Report [a copy of Appendix A to APO] to the supervisor. The Target during these 6-10 weeks shall be to achieve a basic level of control over the system by recording the periodic outputs from the sensor communicated wirelessly to the base station RCM Prototyping board and a simple data logging mechanism established to conduct further analysis on the data.

Testing and Statistical Analysis phase: This phase shall be conducted in the Capstone project B (48026) during Autumn Semester 2009. The target would be to conduct tests on the designed system and evaluate its practicality. One of the concerns which are to be addressed is the design of the cover for the RF module before installation and attenuation [any reduction in the strength of a signal] perceived when the module is installed beneath the soil surface.

The tests would indicate and support initial research conducted on implementation constraints of the Zigbee devices and % accuracy of the moisture sensors.

Final Report presentation and Demonstration phase: This phase would be conducted during last 4 weeks of the project schedule and shall include a professional representation of compiled information from the conducted tests and display of a fully functional prototype of the System.

Note: Although the phases do indicate specific goals specified in terms of deliverable yet overlaps and repetition of processes shall occur due to the nature of the project. Mostly, the iterative loops shall occur while testing and re-designing the intermediate elements. These phases and the inclusions of intermediate deliverable shall be subject to supervisor’s approval.

 

Research Areas

List of Research Questions:

Signal Attenuation:

Q1 What affect does embedding the xbee into soil have on its ability to communicate data?

Q2 What environmental conditions affect the signal strength of the xbee i.e. is the communication on a sunny day same as on a rainy day ?

Q3 What objects or material impede the xbee communication?

Q4 What effect does the orientation of the Antenna have on the Signal Strength?

Q5 How does near field and far field range of an antenna effect when xbee is embedded in soil?

Power:

some questions that are yet to be answered while exploration/experimentation on xbee devices.

Q1 What type of Battery is most suited for a xbee attached to a moisture sensor?

Q2 How much power is consumed relative to the modes of operation?

Q3 What is optimum sleep cycle for a longer battery life?

Q4 Is size of battery a constraint?

Q5 How many data samples is most optimum? Is sample size a concern with battery life?

Q6 What chemical composition or battery type is most suited to the current profile (comsumption pattern of the xbee)?

Q7 What is the power usage characteristic/profile in periods of wakeup -> fetch data -> convert -> transmit -> sleep ?


Below are some snapshots power usage when transmission from the xbee node


 


sleep cycle: wakes up every 5 seconds to take a sample, do some processing and transmit a sample :

 


 

Data Rate

Q1 what are the optimum Data rates for System with thousands of xbee devices spread in a mesh topology?

Q2 what effects does data rate have on the over all performance of the system?

Accuracy

Q1 What mechanics can be employed to verify the accuracy of moisture sensor reading ?

Q2 How can one verify the accuracy of data packet(is checksum verification enough)?

Q3 What tests can be conducted to verify the accuracy of developed logging application/Database?

Algorithm

Q1 What type of algorithm enables the a wireless sensor network to be Real-Time and multi-user Accessible?

Q2 Discuss the Algorithm/Approach in light of performance, reliability, usability and security of the System?

Extensibility

Q1 What constraints require research prior to commercial development from a prototype?

Q2 How effective is system under high volume traffic conditions? What constraints does high-volume traffic pose on capability of xbee devices?

 

Raw Conceptual Architecture

 


 

Risk Management

Risk

Severity

Occurrence

Mitigation

Affects

Lack of information on integration/compatibility of devices and sensors I/Os

High

High

A run down through the references like books, forums, journal articles and consultation with senior researchers.

The Further progress with the development of the system’s modules necessary for prototype

Lack on support information on devices like performance standard ratings and efficiency issues

Medium

High

A formal communication with the device manufacturer or a discussion on the forum.

The Research Documentation shall lack credibility in terms of accuracy.

Electrical short- circuit or burn out of a static sensitive Semiconductor

High

High

A examination of the device in supervision to understand the reason of occurrence and preventive measure such as use of static strap for handling devices.

The budget is affected as prototyping board is expensive to replace and costs the schedule as shipping takes a week.

Scheduling issues erupt and times of zero progress occur

Medium

Medium

A step by step approach would be sought to keep project on track instead of a complete shutdown

The deadlines are quoted with buffers but a delay in critical deliverables may occur.


 

Tools

There are learning resources available which are not limited to:
• User Manual for the devices / Dynamic C Development tool
• X-CTU tool to configure RF modules
• Sample programs based on RCM 3720 module
• Books Available in Library on specific use of Devices
• Limited access to senior researchers/students in CRIN lab
• Access to various forums on the Web that include troubleshooting options

 

Glitches/Problem Encountered

on 2nd September : The series 1 xbee RF modules don't support a proper mesh topology. Reason :digi no longer supports the hardware.

 

Application Images



 

http://www.sparkfun.com/commerce/categories.php?c=111

http://www.dontronics-shop.com/990001-xbee-simple-board.html

http://digikey.com/

http://www.dominion.net.au/promotion/index.html

http://www.digi.com/products/wireless/zigbee-mesh/xbee-series2-module.jsp

http://www.icsharpcode.net/opensource/sd/

http://www.jennic.com/elearning/zigbee/files/content_frame.htm

http://ftp1.digi.com/support/documentation/manual_xb_oem-rf-modules_802.15.4_v1.xAx.pdf

 

References

1. Eady, Fred. (2007). Hands-on ZigBee? : implementing 802.15.4 with microcontrollers. Oxford: Newnes. 352. The above is available in the UTS library and runs through right information required to get started on the ZigBee? devices essential to this Project

2. www.Rabbit.com. (2008). RCM3700 RabbitCore?. Available: http://www.rabbit.com/documentation/docs/manuals/RCM3700/RC3700UM.pdf. Last accessed 1st August 2008. This is PDF file which guides through the Devices usage, features and modes of operation.

3. www.Rabbit.com. (2008). Dynamic C User's Manual. Available: http://www.rabbit.com/documentation/docs/manuals/DC/DCUserManual9/DCPUM.pdf. Last accessed 1st August 2008. This is PDF file which is a Reference manual to programmingZigBee? devices in Dynamic C.